Articles · Infrastructure

IPs, proxies and VPNs: how the internet sees you and why masking leaks

Every request you send is signed with your address, and it tells sites more than you'd expect. Here's the full kitchen: what a site sees within milliseconds, how proxies and VPNs actually work, how the four address types differ — and why masking usually leaks where nobody thought to look.

11 minAugust 16, 2026Free article

Every request you send on the internet is signed with your address — otherwise the response would have nowhere to return. From that address alone, a site learns your country, city, provider and even connection type within milliseconds: home broadband, mobile network or a data-center server. For a trader this is no abstraction: your IP is seen by your broker, by payment antifraud and by every platform you work with. Let's walk the whole chain — how an IP address works, what proxies and VPNs actually do, how the four proxy types differ, and why masking usually leaks in places nobody thought to check.

What a site learns about you from a single request

You can't simply hide your IP — it sits in the header of every packet; that's the foundation of the protocol. But it reveals a surprising amount. Addresses are issued in blocks to autonomous systems (ASN): your home ISP has its ranges, a hosting company like Hetzner has its own. Commercial geo-databases — MaxMind, IP2Location, IPinfo — map every range to a country, city and network type, and almost any site checks them on your very first request.

4.3 billion addresses — all taken
There are only 2³² ≈ 4.3 billion IPv4 addresses, and the free pool ran dry back in 2019. Hence NAT, address leasing and a whole market where a “clean” IP is an asset with history and reputation.
Dozens of signals without a single cookie
Country, city, provider, network type, time zone, blacklists, TLS fingerprint — a site collects all of it before you click anything.
One flag outweighs the geo
The key signal is not your country but your network type: residential, mobile or data center. A hosting flag in a geo-database raises more suspicion than any “wrong” city.
youHTTPS requestsite.comWHAT THE SITE SEESIP203.0.113.42NETWORKAS24940 · home ISPGEOAmsterdam · UTC+2TYPEresidentialLISTSclean
A dossier in milliseconds: from one request the geo-databases hand the site your address, network, geo and connection type

Then there's NAT. There aren't enough addresses to go around, so ISPs hide dozens of subscribers behind one public IP, and mobile carriers hide entire neighborhoods (that's CGNAT). A side effect: mobile addresses almost never get banned — blocking one IP means cutting off thousands of people at once. Keep that fact in mind; we'll come back to it when we talk about proxy types.

And one more thing: reputation. Every address drags its history along — whether it sent spam, landed on Spamhaus blacklists, how many accounts were registered from it. Fraud-scoring services like Scamalytics rate an address from 0 to 100, and you inherit that score from the previous “tenant” even if you rented the server five minutes ago.

How a proxy works

A proxy is an intermediary server: your request goes to it first, and the proxy then talks to the site on its own behalf. The site sees the proxy's address, its geo and its reputation — yours stay off camera. Two main protocols: an HTTP proxy operates at the level of web requests and can parse them; SOCKS5 sits a level lower and simply relays any traffic — from a browser to a trading terminal — without looking inside.

Just as important is what a proxy does not do: by itself it encrypts nothing. If HTTPS runs inside, the content is protected by HTTPS itself; if not, the proxy server sees your traffic in full. And your ISP still sees that you connected to the proxy's address — only the destination site is hidden.

01 · DIRECTyousite.comthe site sees:your IP · your geoyour provider02 · VIA PROXYyouproxysite.comthe site sees:proxy's IPproxy's geo
The same page via two routes: connect directly and the site sees you; go through an intermediary and it sees only the intermediary

Four proxy types: the trust ladder

All proxies do the same job, but their addresses come from different worlds — and sites tell them apart with ease. The rule is simple: the more residential the address, the more trust it gets and the more it costs.

01 · Datacenter
Addresses from hosting subnets. Fast, stable, cheap — but the hosting flag is instantly visible in geo-databases, and for strict sites it's a red rag. Great where speed matters more than looking human.
02 · ISP (static residential)
The compromise: the address is registered to a home ISP but hosted in a data center. Server-grade speed and stability plus a residential reputation. Pricier than datacenter, assigned to you long-term.
03 · Residential
Real home addresses of real people — usually a rotating pool billed per gigabyte of traffic. As close to an ordinary user as it gets, but slower and pricier: you pay for plausibility.
04 · Mobile
Carrier addresses behind CGNAT, with thousands of genuine subscribers behind each one. Banning such an address is too costly, so trust is at its maximum. The most expensive and the slowest.

Within each type there's a quality spread of its own: an address can be dedicated (yours alone) or shared with strangers, clean or carrying someone else's bans. A cheap residential pool that has already pushed a thousand bots works worse than an honest datacenter address — the type alone guarantees nothing.

Hence the practical question — not “which proxy is best”, but which one for which job:

Account sign-ups and verification
Mobile or residential. Yes, they're slow — but they look like a living person, and trust matters more than speed here. Signing up through cheap public proxies is the worst idea: those addresses were burned long ago and sit on every blacklist.
Collecting public data, price monitoring
Datacenter: maximum speed for minimum money, and the address's “humanity” plays no role in such tasks.
A permanent profile for one platform
ISP: the same residential-reputation address for months — a stable “home” that doesn't change from session to session.
Strict platforms sensitive to network type
Mobile: banning a carrier's CGNAT address is too costly, so it gets the highest trust level there is.

Proxy, VPN, Tor, antidetect: who does what

Proxy
An intermediary for a specific app or request. Flexibility: hundreds of addresses, rotation, different geos for different tasks. No encryption of its own.
VPN
An encrypted tunnel for the whole system at once: all traffic exits through one server. It's about encryption and simplicity, not address management.
Tor
A chain of three random relays, each knowing only its neighbors. Real anonymity, but slow — and the exit nodes are public and banned almost everywhere.
Antidetect browser
Spoofs the browser fingerprint: canvas, fonts, time zone. Doesn't change your address at all — it only works paired with a proxy.

Why masking leaks

The most common mistake is thinking that swapping the IP is the masking. Modern antifraud looks at the whole picture, and the picture has to add up. Meanwhile the leaks run through channels many people have never heard of.

WebRTCmain trafficbrowserproxysite.com?ISPDNS resolverthe site learns your real IP
The tunnel only holds the main traffic: WebRTC and DNS queries go around it and give away the real address

WebRTC is the video-calling protocol built into every browser. To establish direct connections it can ask the operating system for its real addresses — bypassing the proxy. One JavaScript call is enough for a site to get your true IP while the proxy is on. A DNS leak works similarly: if the “what's the address of site.com” queries go to your home ISP's resolver, both the provider and your interest in the site stay exposed — and a service can identify your real network by the resolver your queries come from.

Then come the mismatches. The IP points to Amsterdam while the browser's time zone is UTC+3 and the system language is Russian. The claimed location is New York, but the ping to a New York server is 90 ms — impossible up close: you can't cheat the speed of light. That same physical fact, incidentally, is what latency arbitrage is built on. Each mismatch is minor on its own, but antifraud adds them all to one score.

What's in it for a trader

First — stability. Broker antifraud loves consistency: logging in from home, then from a trip, then from a phone is a classic trigger for extra checks, up to freezing withdrawals “pending review”. A terminal running on a VPS with a permanent static address solves this by itself: the broker always sees the same connection profile.

Second — common sense about routes. An encrypted tunnel belongs on public Wi-Fi and on the road. But for trading itself every intermediary adds milliseconds to every order: the traffic takes an extra hop. For latency arbitrage that's a direct loss, so the field rule is simple: the terminal lives on a VPS next to the broker's server and goes online directly, while privacy tools serve the browser, banking and everything else.

In practice this settles into a simple scheme: the cabinet and the money go through one permanent residential address, the trading goes through the VPS. Split them once — and from then on everything always adds up for the broker:

  1. 1
    The broker's cabinet — via a residential or mobile proxy

    Sign-up and verification run from a genuine user address — by definition cleaner than any cheap pool from public lists. You take this proxy once and pin it to the cabinet: it serves the personal account only, never the trading.

  2. 2
    Trading — from the VPS only, through the terminal only

    MT4/MT5 on the VPS connects to the trading server directly — minimal latency, and brokers are used to terminals connecting from server addresses. Better not to open the web cabinet from the VPS: its IP differs from the one you verified with.

  3. 3
    Withdrawals — from the same proxy you registered with

    The withdrawal request comes from the same “home” address where the cabinet has lived since day one. To antifraud, the account's whole history looks like one person in one place — exactly how it likes it.

Audit your masking in five minutes

  1. See yourself as sites see you

    Open browserleaks.com or whoer.net with and without the proxy. Compare: address, provider, geo, connection type. A hosting flag on a “residential” plan is a valid complaint to your seller.

  2. Check WebRTC

    Same page, the WebRTC Leak section. If your real IP glows next to the proxy address, you have a leak. It's fixed with browser settings or an extension — but recheck after every update.

  3. Check DNS

    dnsleaktest.com, the extended test. The resolver list must not contain your home ISP — only the proxy or VPN resolvers, or public ones.

  4. Match the geo against the clock

    The browser's time zone and language must fit the address's legend. An Amsterdam IP on Moscow time is the classic giveaway.

  5. Check the address's reputation

    Run the IP through Scamalytics and the Spamhaus lists. A fraud score above 25–30 means the address had a life before you — ask for a replacement.

The toolbox on one screen

01 · Tests and leaks
Start by seeing yourself through a site's eyes — before and after enabling the mask.
BrowserLeaks
The most complete test suite: IP, WebRTC, canvas, fonts, TLS.
Whoer
A quick “how masked are you” percentage — handy for a first look.
DNSLeakTest
The reference DNS leak check: standard and extended tests.
ipleak.net
IP, DNS and WebRTC on a single screen, nothing extra.
02 · Databases and reputation
The same services sites use to judge you.
IPinfo
What the geo-database says about an address: ASN, network type, company.
MaxMind
The GeoIP databases a large share of the internet relies on.
Scamalytics
An address's fraud score from 0 to 100 — a quick cleanliness test.
Spamhaus
The main blacklists: check whether an address is listed.
03 · Tunnels and addresses
Time-tested services — from VPNs to proxy platforms.
Mullvad
A VPN with numbered accounts, no e-mail, cash payments accepted: the privacy benchmark.
Proton VPN
Swiss jurisdiction, open source, an honest free tier.
Bright Data
The largest proxy platform: all four address types, strict KYC.
Oxylabs
The market's other giant, focused on enterprise data collection.
IPRoyal
All proxy types with pay-as-you-go pricing — convenient for smaller tasks.

Frequent questions

Proxy vs VPN — the shortest possible answer?

A proxy is an intermediary for a specific app, with no encryption of its own but flexible address management. A VPN is an encrypted tunnel for the whole system through one server. Proxies are about managing addresses, VPNs are about encrypting the channel.

Is using a proxy legal?

In most jurisdictions the technology itself is perfectly legal — it's an ordinary networking tool, like a VPN. Questions arise not about the tool but about the actions: fake engagement, sanctions evasion or multi-accounting against a platform's rules remain violations regardless of how you connect.

What is a “clean” IP?

An address with no bad history: not blacklisted, no spam sent from it, no piles of accounts registered through it, a fraud score near zero. Cleanliness beats type: a “dirty” residential address works worse than a clean datacenter one.

Why does a site see I'm on a VPN if the address is new?

The ranges of commercial VPNs and hosting companies are well known and labeled in geo-databases — a site only needs to look them up. Plus the indirect signals: thousands of users on one address, a mismatched time zone, a familiar browser fingerprint.

Can I use free proxies?

Not for anything serious. A free proxy sees all of your unencrypted traffic, and its owner monetizes you: selling data, injecting ads, sometimes hijacking sessions. Addresses from public lists are also on every blacklist at once.

Do I need a proxy for trading from a VPS?

As a rule, no — and that's good news. A VPS already has its own static data-center address, brokers are fine with trading terminals connecting from servers, and a direct route with no intermediaries means minimal latency. A stable VPS address solves the main task — consistency — by itself.

Infrastructure is half the result

Addresses, routes and latency are the same subject as choosing your VPS and broker: the stack arbitrage stands on. How to assemble it end to end — from the first server to the first trade — is laid out in the guide; the first chapters are open.

Read the guide